passive of past continuous

The passive of past continuous tense makes very easy and it’s like a conversion of present continuous into passive. Only some changes are needed.
Following is the basic way to make a passive of past continuous tense.
Object + was, were + being + 3rd form of verb + by + objective state of subject
Explanation:
Sentence: he was going to school.
The above sentence is in past continuous state and to make it passive we will take following steps.
“School” is object, so it comes at the start of passive. As school is singular, so “was” will come after school and being is after this. Then 3rd form of verb comes, as “go” is verb in given sentence then its third form is gone, and after this “by” comes and at last objective form of subject, which is him derived from he which is subject. So the passive of above sentence will be:

School is being gone by him.

You see that this is not much different from the pattern of making passive of present continuous. In the same way, we can make passive of every sentence which is in past continuous state.

passive of present continuous

The passive voice of present continuous tense makes in the following way.
Object + is, are, am + being + 3rd form of verb + by + objective state of subject
Passive of present continuous tense is according to explanation is given.
Explanation: Sentence: he is going to school.
The above sentence is present continuous sentence and to make it passive we will take following steps.
“School” is object, so it comes at the start of passive. As school is singular, so “is” will come after school and being is after this. Then 3rd form of verb comes, as “go” is verb in given sentence then its third form is gone, and after this “by” comes and at last objective form of subject, which is him derived from he which is subject. So the passive of above sentence will be:
School is being gone by him.

Passive of present indefinite

The passive voice of present indefinite tense makes in the following way
First of all we should confirm that the given sentence is a present indefinite tense. Secondly when we confirmed it then some changes are built in the sentence. The way to make the passive of present indefinite tense is:
Object + is, are, am + 3rd form of verb + by + objective state of subject
Explanation:
Sentence: he goes to school.
The above sentence is present indefinite sentence and to make it passive we will take following steps.
“School” is object, so it comes at the start of passive. As school is singular, so “is” will come after school. Then 3rd form of verb comes, as “go” is verb in given sentence then its third form is gone, and after this “by” comes and at last objective form of subject, which is him derived from he which is subject. So the passive of above sentence will be:
School is gone by him.

Active and passive voice

Active voice and passive voices are different voices which help us to understand the sort of sentence. Active voice and passive voices are converted into each other but some simple rules for conversion is very important which are according to the sentence which we want.
These are some examples of active voice and passive voice.
Active voice: I go to school
Passive voice: School is gone by me.
Active voice: I am eating apples.
Passive voice: Apples are being eaten by me.
Active voice: They are writing a letter.
Passive voice: A letter is being written by them
Active voice: He went to school.
Passive voice: School was gone by him.

Active voice and passive voice

Active voice is the voice of spoken person; this voice is about what he spoke. Passive voice is the voice when we say the voice of that spoken person in our own words.
Simple pattern of passive voice is
Object + helping verb + third form of verb + object
Following are the examples which can help in solving the problem of active voice and passive voice.
Active voice: He writes a letter.
Passive voice: A letter is written by him
Active voice: I eat apples.
Passive voice: Apples are eaten by me.
From above example it is clear that in passive voice work is done with force.

Examples of Future tense

Future indefinite tense

1. You will help him later.
2. Will you help him later?
3. You will not help him later.
4. I will send you the information when I get it.
5. I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
6. Will you help me move this heavy table?
7. Will you make dinner?
8. I will not do your homework for you.
9. I won't do all the housework myself!

Future continuous tense

1. You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
2. Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
3. You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
4. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
5. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
6. I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me.
7. He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.

Future perfect tense

1. You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
2. Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
3. You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
4. By next November, I will have received my promotion.
5. By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
6. I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
7. Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
8. Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.
9. By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
10. How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?

Future perfect continuous tense

1. You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
2. Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
3. You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
4. They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.
5. She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes.
6. James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia.
7. How long will you have been studying when you graduate?
8. We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Anchorage.

Examples of Past tense

Past indefinite tense

1. I saw a movie yesterday.
2. I didn't see a play yesterday.
3. Last year, I traveled to Japan.
4. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
5. Did you have dinner last night?
6. She washed her car.
7. He didn't wash his car.

Past continuous tense

1. I was watching TV when she called.
2. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
3. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
4. What were you doing when the earthquake started?
5. I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
6. You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
7. While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
8. Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
9. While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.

Future perfect tense

1. You had studied English before you moved to New York.
2. Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
3. You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
4. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
5. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
6. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
7. Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
8. She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
9. Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.

Past perfect continuous tense

1. They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
2. She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
3. How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
4. Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
5. James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.
6. You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
7. Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
8. You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

Examples of present tense

Present indefinite sentence

1. I play tennis.
2. She does not play tennis.
3. Does he play tennis?
4. The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
5. The train does not leave at 9 AM.
6. When does the train usually leave?
7. She always forgets her purse.
8. He never forgets his wallet.
9. Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
10. Does the Sun circle the Earth?

Present continuous tense

1. You are learning English now.
2. You are not swimming now.
3. Are you sleeping?
4. I am sitting.
5. I am not standing.
6. Is he sitting or standing?
7. They are reading their books.
8. They are not watching television.
9. What are you doing?
10. Why aren't you doing your homework?

Present perfect tense

1. I have seen that movie twenty times.
2. I think I have met him once before.
3. There have been many earthquakes in California.
4. People have traveled to the Moon.
5. People have not traveled to Mars.
6. Have you read the book yet?
7. Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
8. A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
9. B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

Present perfect continuous tense 

1. They have been talking for the last hour.
2. She has been working at that company for three years.
3. What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
4. James has been teaching at the university since June.
5. We have been waiting here for over two hours!
6. Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?

List of Adverbs

Adverb of manners

1. carefully
2. correctly
3. eagerly
4. easily
5. fast
6. loudly
7. patiently
8. quickly
9. quietly
10. and well. 

Adverb of place

1. abroad
2. anywhere
3. downstairs
4. here
5. home
6. in
7. nowhere
8. out
9. outside
10. somewhere
11. there
12. underground
13. upstairs. 

Adverb of purpose

1. so
2. so that
3. to
4. in order to
5. because
6. since
7. accidentally
8. intentionally 

Adverb of frequency

1. always
2. every
3. never
4. often
5. rarely
6. seldom
7. sometimes
8. and usually. 

Adverb of times

1. after
2. already
3. during
4. finally
5. just
6. last
7. later
8. next
9. now
10. recently
11. soon
12. then
13. tomorrow
14. when
15. while
16. and yesterday

list of prepositions

1. aboard 
2. about 
3. above 
4. across 
5. after 
6. against 
7. along 
8. amid 
9. among 
10. anti 
11. around 
12. as 
13. at 
14. before 
15. behind 
16. below 
17. beneath 
18. beside 
19. besides 
20. between 
21. beyond 
22. but 
23. by 
24. concerning 
25. considering 
26. despite 
27. down 
28. during 
29. except 
30. excepting 
31. excluding 
32. following 
33. for 
34. from 
35. in 
36. inside 
37. into 
38. like 
39. minus 
40. near 
41. of 
42. off 
43. on 
44. onto 
45. opposite 
46. outside 
47. over 
48. past 
49. per 
50. plus 
51. regarding 
52. round 
53. save 
54. since 
55. than 
56. through 
57. to 
58. toward 
59. towards 
60. under 
61. underneath 
62. unlike 
63. until 
64. up 
65. upon 
66. versus 
67. via 
68. with 
69. within 
70. without 

present and past perfect continuous tense

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

1. They have been talking for the last hour. 
2. She has been working at that company for three years. 
3. What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? 
4. James has been teaching at the university since June. 
5. We have been waiting here for over two hours! 
6. Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days? 

We use past perfect continuous tense to show that something was started in the past. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used also with the Past Perfect Continuous.

1. They had been talking for the last hour. 
2. She had been working at that company for three years. 
3. What had you been doing for the last 30 minutes? 
4. James had been teaching at the university since June. 
5. We had been waiting here for over two hours! 
6. Why had Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days? 

You see in above both type of sentence that some changes are done. Actually the sentences are same but their existence change.
For example the sentence is same only it changes its state from present to past. In present perfect continues tense has been and have been are used. With singular has been are attached and have been are attached with plural. And in past perfect continuous tense had are replaced by has or by have because the work is doing and done in the past.

Present Perfect Tense

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. We cannot use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

• I have seen that movie twenty times. 
• I think I have met him once before. 
• There have been many earthquakes in California. 
•  People have traveled to the Moon. 
• People have not traveled to Mars. 
• Have you read the book yet? 
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. 
•  Has there ever been a war in the United States?
• Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

Present continuous tense

Present continuous tense are the tense in which work is in continuous state. Present continuous is the present state going to future. This type of sentence are made in such pattern:
Subject + (1st form) verb + ing + object
Examples:

1. I am going to Lahore. 
2. He is coming here. 
3. I am reading book. 
4. He is eating apples. 
5. They are laughing on a child. 

In such type of sentence is, are, and am used before the use of verb.

• Is comes with he, she, it and with singular name. 
• Am comes with i.
• Are comes with they, we, you and a plural name.

Future indefinite tense

Future indefinite sentence tells us about the routine work of our future. The structure of future indefinite sentence is like:
Subject + will or shall + 1st form of verb + object
Following are the examples of thus sentences:

• He will go to Lahore. 
• I shall eat bananas daily. 
• We shall say prayers regularly.

Past indefinite tense

Past indefinite tense tells us about regularity of past.
Usually in thus sentence 2nd form of verb are used. But when we make interrogative sentence or negative sentence then instead of 2nd form of verb, the first form of verb are used
General pattern of thus sentence is as:
(Subject + Verb (2nd form) + object)
For negative or interrogative sentence the above pattern will be:
Subject + 1st form of verb + object (the integration word will be on the same spot and negation will also on their.)
Example:
I went to Lahore.
Did he go to Lahore?

Present indefinite tense

Present indefinite tense tells us about the sudden past which was present a moment ago or it tell us about the regularity.
Usually in thus sentence first form of verb are used but with singular noun or pronoun we add “s” or “es” in the first form of verb. This edition is not applicable to the other plural noun (we, they etc.).
General pattern of thus sentence is as:
(Subject + Verb + s or es + object) Example:

1. I go to school daily. 
2. He goes to school daily. 

In above cases sentence is almost same but the change is pronoun which causes the addition of es to verb.

Present tense

Present tense is categorized into more four types which are given below:

• Present indefinite tense 
• Present continuous tense 
• Present perfect tense 
• Present perfect continuous tense 

Present tense only tells the present which is sudden past are the fully present state.

Tense

In our daily routine, we speak language to communicate each other, the sentence which we spoke, tells us about the time. So by the mean of time tenses are categorized into two types, which are given below:

• Present tense 
• Past tense 
• Future tense 

Present tense tells us the statement of present whereas past tense tells us about the time which has been passed and future tense tells us about the incoming statement.

Voice

There are two special forms of verbs called voice

Active voice

Passive voice

Active voice is normal voice which we use usually. Active voice is the voice which we say some thing to others and our own words are called active voice and when our speech someone listen and then he tell to someone other then the words which he use to say your word are called passive voice. 

Punctuation

Period (.)

Period comes at the end of a sentence when sentence gave full statement. In period, there is no space between the last letter and the next word.  Some times it uses when we use abbreviation in the sentence then after every letter word the sign of period is used.

Comma (,)

When different words are needed to separate for the purpose of giving its unique sense then a comma is used.

Question mark (?)

When some question is asked in the sentence then a question mark is used.

Exclamation mark (!)

Exclamation mark is used at the end of interjection, emphatic words or a command.

Colon (:)

When we want to give the explanation of something which is describe earlier then we use the colon.

Brackets ( [] )

When we write quotations in the paragraph then quotation are placed in the brackets.

Parenthesis “( )”

When we want to give some extra knowledge in the writing then the extra knowledge is placed in the parenthesis.

Conjunction

A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words. In the sentence Bob and Dan are friends the conjunction and connect two nouns and in the sentence He will drive or fly the conjunction or connects two verbs. In the sentence, the conjunction connects two groups of words.

Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence. The most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways:

And is used to join or add words together in the sentence they ate and drank. 

Or is used to show choice or possibilities as in the sentence He will be here on Monday or Tuesday.
But is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as in the sentence She is small but strong.
So is used to show result as in the sentence I was tired so I went to sleep.

Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be discussed more in another class.

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together.

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles “a, an, and the — are” adjectives.

• The tall professor
• The lugubrious lieutenant
• A solid commitment
• A month's pay
• A six-year-old child
• The unhappiest, richest man

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is called an Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much older than I am, is an engineer. If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an Adjective Phrase: He is the man who is keeping my family in the poorhouse.

Position of Adjectives

Unlike Adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. When indefinite pronouns — such as something, someone, and anybody— are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun.

Degrees of Adjectives

The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things.

Collective Adjectives

When the definite article, the, is combined with an adjective describing a class or group of people, the resulting phrase can act as a noun: the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, the lonely, the unlettered, the unwashed, the gathered, and the dear departed. The difference between a Collective Noun and a collective adjective is that the latter is always plural and requires a plural verb:

• The rural poor have been ignored by the media.
• The rich of Connecticut are responsible.
• The elderly are beginning to demand their rights.
• The young at heart are always a joy to be around.

Article

An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun. There are only two articles a, an and the. But they are used very often and are important for using English accurately.

The word a (which becomes an when the next word begins with a vowel - a, e, I, o, u) is called the indefinite article because the noun it goes with is indefinite or general. The meaning of the article a is similar to the number one, but one is stronger and gives more emphasis. It is possible to say I have a book or I have one book, but the second sentence emphasizes that I do not have two or three or some other number of books.

The is known as the definite article and indicates a specific thing. The difference between the sentences I sat on a chair and I sat on the chair is that the second sentence refers to a particular, specific chair, not just any chair.

Types of adverb

ADVERBS OF MANNER

This adverb usually comes after the direct object or if there is no direct object, after the verb: She speaks Italian beautifully.

He works well.

You must drive your car carefully. Eat quietly.

ADVERBS OF PLACE

This adverb usually comes after the object, otherwise after the verb:

We saw you there.

We were sitting here.

We looked everywhere.

ADVERBS OF TIME

This adverb usually comes either at the very beginning of the sentence or at the end.

Afterwards we decided to go by car. I've done that journey before.

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

This adverb comes after the verb 'to be':

She is always honest.

Comes before simple tenses of all other verbs:

They sometimes spend the whole of Saturday fishing.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE

This adverb can modify an adverb or an adjective and comes before the word it modifies:

The bottle is almost full, nearly empty.

They should be able to pass their exams quite easily.

Classification of verb

Transitive verb

• In transitive verb
• Finite verb
• in finite verb
• Auxitiary verb

It has different types which are below:

1. Linking verb
2. Helping verb
3. Models verb
4. Standing couples

Kinds of Pronoun

• Personal pronoun
• Demonstrative pronoun
• Relative pronoun
• Intensive pronoun
• Reciprocal pronoun
• Interrogative pronoun

Kinds of noun

• Common noun
• Proper noun
• Collective noun
• Abstract noun
• Material noun
• Concrete noun
• Non-count noun
• Count noun
• Regular noun
• Irregular noun
• Compound noun

Parts of speech

1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Articles
8. Conjunction
9. Interjection
10. Determiners

Parts of sentense

Subject:

It is active art of sentence. it is a noun of pronoun.

Predicate:

It shows the condition of sentence.

Example:

Army in the plan ready for war.

Ali in the car going to school.

Phrase:

A group of words which has not any subject or predicate is called phrase.

Example:

Before the test....

Preparing the lesson....

Clause:

A sentence having subject doing actively predicate, having punctuation mark & also conjunction is called clause.